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The Constitution of Medina – under which the clans accepting Muhammad as the Prophet of God formed an alliance, or federation – dates from this period.\u00a0 It showed that the political consciousness of the Muslim community had reached an important point; its members defined themselves as a community separate from all others.\u00a0 The Constitution also defined the role of non-Muslims in the community.\u00a0 Jews, for example, were part of the community; they were dhimmis<\/em>, that is, protected people, as long as they conformed to its laws.\u00a0 This established a precedent for the treatment of subject peoples during the later conquests.\u00a0 Christians and Jews, upon payment of a nominal tax, were allowed religious freedom and, while maintaining their status as non-Muslims, were associate members of the Muslim state.\u00a0 This status did not apply to polytheists, who could not be tolerated within a community that worshipped the One God.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Ibn Ishaq, one of the earliest biographers of the Prophet, says it was at about this time that Muhammad sent letters to the rulers of the earth – the King of Persia, the Emperor of Byzantium, the Negus of Abyssinia, and the Governor of Egypt among others – inviting them to submit to Islam.\u00a0 Nothing more fully illustrates the confidence of the small community, as its military power, despite the battle of the Trench, was still negligible.\u00a0 But its confidence was not misplaced.\u00a0 Muhammad so effectively built up a series of alliances among the tribes that, by 628, he and fifteen hundred followers were able to demand access to the Kaaba.\u00a0 This was a milestone in the history of the Muslims.\u00a0 Just a short time before, Muhammad left the city of his birth to establish an Islamic state in Medina.\u00a0 Now he was being treated by his former enemies as a leader in his own right.\u00a0 A year later, in 629, he reentered and, in effect, conquered Mecca, without bloodshed and in a spirit of tolerance, which established an ideal for future conquests.\u00a0 He also destroyed the idols in the Kaabah, to put an end forever to pagan practices there.\u00a0 At the same time \u2018Amr ibn al-\u2019As, the future conqueror of Egypt, and Khalid ibn al-Walid, the future \u201cSword of God,\u201d accepted Islam, and swore allegiance to Muhammad.\u00a0 Their conversion was especially noteworthy because these men had been among Muhammad\u2019s bitterest opponents only a short time before.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n In one sense Muhammad\u2019s return to Mecca was the climax of his mission.\u00a0 In 632, just three years later, he was suddenly taken ill and on June 8 of that year, with his third wife Aisha in attendance, the Messenger of God \u201cdied with the heat of noon.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n The death of Muhammad was a profound loss.\u00a0 To his followers this simple man from Mecca was far more than a beloved friend, far more than a gifted administrator, far more than the revered leader who had forged a new state from clusters of warring tribes.\u00a0 Muhammad was also the exemplar of the teachings he had brought them from God: the teachings of the Quran, which, for centuries, have guided the thought and action, the faith and conduct, of innumerable men and women, and which ushered in a distinctive era in the history of mankind.\u00a0 His death, nevertheless, had little effect on the dynamic society he had created in Arabia, and no effect at all on his central mission: to transmit the Quran to the world.\u00a0 As Abu Bakr put it: \u201cWhoever worshipped Muhammad, let him know that Muhammad is dead, but whoever worshipped God, let him know that God lives and dies not.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Ref.www.islamreligion.com \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 The Constitution of Medina – under which the clans accepting Muhammad as the Prophet of God formed an alliance, or federation – dates from this period.\u00a0… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1404,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-truth-of-islam"],"yoast_head":"\n
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